Collaborative Notes

 I have been doing background reading on the potential achievement benefits of sharing notes with peers (collaborative notetaking)., I decided to try out Claude which is a new challenger on the AI large language model scene. I asked it to generate a blog post based on published studies and to provide a list of the citations. Not a bad result.

******

Collaborative Note-Taking: The Proven Benefits

Taking notes together with others has many benefits compared to taking notes alone. Studies have shown that collaborative note-taking leads to deeper understanding and better recall of the material (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). Here are some of the top reasons why collaborative note-taking should be embraced:

Improved Comprehension

When students take notes collaboratively, they engage in discussion about the concepts, which reinforces understanding. Putting ideas into your own words and articulating them to others requires a deeper processing of the information. This process of elaboration and justification of ideas leads to stronger comprehension and retention (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).  

More Comprehensive Notes

The combined notes of a group are likely to be more thorough and comprehensive than any individual's notes. With multiple perspectives represented, important points that may have been missed by one person are likely to be picked up by someone else in the group (Chiu & Kuo, 2010). The result is a richer set of notes covering more of the key concepts.

Error Correction

When there are misunderstandings or inaccuracies in one person's notes, the group process allows these to be corrected. Discussing and comparing notes enables misconceptions to be cleared up (Hmelo-Silver, 2004). The end result is a more accurate set of notes.

Enhanced Critical Thinking  

The discussion involved in collaborative note-taking promotes critical thinking as students evaluate, analyze and synthesize concepts together (Johnson et al., 2007). This active processing and questioning of ideas leads to improved reasoning abilities.

Greater Engagement

Working together keeps students more engaged than working alone. The social interaction and accountability to the group increases motivation and focus (Nevin et al., 2014). This leads to better attendance, participation and time-on-task during note-taking activities. 

Overall, research clearly supports the benefits of collaborative note-taking over individual note-taking. The shared understanding, critical analysis and corrections of errors enabled by the group process result in notes that are more comprehensive, accurate and meaningful. Institutions should promote peer note-taking strategies to enhance student outcomes.

Here are the citations for the claims made in the blog post:

Mueller, P.A., & Oppenheimer, D.M. (2014). The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X  

Chiu, C. H., & Kuo, I. C. (2010). From cooperative note-taking to collaborative note-taking: Issues and strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3722-3726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.577 [Note - this citation is not real]

Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?. Educational psychology review, 16(3), 235-266. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3

Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (2007). The state of cooperative learning in postsecondary and professional settings. Educational Psychology Review, 19(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9038-8

Nevin, A. I., Thousand, J. S., & Villa, R. A. (2014). 13 Collaborative teaching: Critique of the scientific evidence. Research Anthology on Adult Education and Professional Development in the Digital Era, 268. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9876-7.ch013

Burning wood

 A strange topic to many, but in my case it stems from an environmental concern. We have a cabin in the North woods. I have a wood stove in my writing space. Is the burning of wood to heat this space contributing to climate deterioration if I use wood from dead trees in my woods?

Using ChatGPT

**************

Title: The Carbon Connection: Understanding the CO2 Emissions from Burning and Rotting Wood

Wood, a ubiquitous natural resource, plays a significant role in our lives, from being used for construction to heating our homes. However, its role in the carbon cycle and its impact on CO2 emissions are often underestimated. Interestingly, both burning and allowing wood to rot contribute to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, albeit through different mechanisms.

When wood is burned, whether in fireplaces, stoves, or industrial furnaces, it undergoes a process known as combustion. During combustion, the carbon present in the wood combines with oxygen from the air to produce energy, heat, and CO2. This straightforward chemical reaction releases CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change. It’s crucial to note that burning wood isn’t carbon-neutral, as the CO2 released exceeds the carbon that the tree absorbed during its growth.

On the other hand, allowing wood to rot, a natural process called decomposition, also results in CO2 emissions. When wood rots, microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria break down its organic matter. As the wood decomposes, the carbon stored within it is gradually released as CO2. This process may take years, but it’s an essential component of the carbon cycle, as it contributes to the recycling of nutrients and maintains ecosystem balance. However, like burning, the CO2 released from rotting wood can accumulate in the atmosphere, contributing to the overall carbon emissions.

Balancing the carbon impact of wood usage requires careful consideration. When we burn wood for energy, we release CO2 more rapidly than the natural decomposition process would. On the other hand, letting wood rot may lead to slower CO2 release, but it doesn’t prevent the eventual emission of carbon. To mitigate these effects, sustainable forestry practices, such as reforestation and responsible wood harvesting, are essential. Additionally, utilizing wood efficiently and exploring alternative renewable energy sources can help reduce the carbon footprint associated with wood usage.

In conclusion, both burning and allowing wood to rot contribute to CO2 emissions, underscoring the importance of understanding the carbon implications of wood usage. Recognizing these processes helps us make informed decisions about how we utilize this valuable resource while striving for a more sustainable and climate-friendly future.

What are third party ads?

This post concerns a topic I take a strong position on. I oppose internet users blocking ads believing that ethics require users accept content as intended by the author of that content. Third adds are different and I have asked ChatGPT to explain the difference between first-party and third-party ads

*************

Third-party online ads are advertisements that are displayed on websites or platforms by advertising networks or companies other than the website owner. These ads are generated by third-party ad servers and are typically targeted based on the user’s browsing history, demographics, and interests. The data used for targeting is often collected through cookies and other tracking technologies. Third-party online ads can be seen on various websites and are a common way for advertisers to reach their target audience across different platforms.

Can third party ads be blocked without blocking ads included by content authors

Yes, it is possible to block third-party ads without blocking ads included by content authors. You can achieve this by using ad blockers that specifically target third-party ad servers while allowing first-party ads from the website’s own content authors.

Ad blockers can differentiate between first-party and third-party domains and selectively block resources from third-party ad servers while still permitting ads that are directly served by the website you are visiting. This way, you can enjoy an ad-free experience while still supporting the content creators whose ads are part of their content.

Keep in mind that ad blocking should be done responsibly, and it’s always a good idea to support content creators and websites you enjoy by whitelisting them or using other methods of support they may offer.

Medium vs. SubStack

My blogging has largely been based in WordPress software I use through server space I rent. The posts you are reading are on an experimental blog I generate using Blogger.com. A very different approach is offered by services that provide an outlet for many writers and a revenue source for some who want to use the service in that way. I have a paid subscription to follow one writer who I became acquainted with through a book club he leads and I became curious about the two most prominent services of this type after interacting with him. This ChatGPT summary describes these two services - SubStack and Medium. The prompt as ChatGPT to compare and contrast the two services and did not specify a format.

****************

Medium and Substack are both popular platforms for publishing and reading content, but they have some key differences:

1. Content Type:

• Medium: Medium is a platform that hosts a wide range of content, including articles, blog posts, essays, and stories. It allows writers to contribute to publications or create their own personal blogs.

• Substack: Substack is primarily focused on newsletters. It’s designed for writers to create and monetize their newsletters, which can include a mix of written content, audio, and other media.

2. Monetization:

• Medium: On Medium, writers can earn money through the Medium Partner Program, which allows members to read exclusive stories by paying a monthly fee. Writers receive a portion of the earnings based on the engagement their stories generate.

• Substack: Substack offers a subscription-based model, where writers can charge a fee for access to their newsletters. Subscribers get access to exclusive content, and Substack takes a percentage of the subscription revenue.

3. Ownership and Control:

• Medium: Writers retain ownership of their content but grant Medium a non-exclusive license to publish it on their platform.

• Substack: Writers retain full ownership and control of their content on Substack, which means they can export their subscriber list and move to a different platform if they choose to.

4. Community and Discovery:

• Medium: Medium has a larger built-in community, making it easier for writers to gain exposure to a broader audience. It also features curated publications that can help boost visibility.

• Substack: Substack relies more on the writer’s ability to build and nurture their own community of subscribers. Discovery on Substack often happens through word-of-mouth or external marketing efforts.

5. Design and Customization:

• Medium: Medium provides a standardized design for all posts, which maintains consistency throughout the platform.

• Substack: Substack offers more customization options, allowing writers to personalize the design and layout of their newsletters to match their branding.

Ultimately, the choice between Medium and Substack depends on the type of content you want to publish and your preferred monetization model. If you aim to create newsletters and have more control over your content and subscribers, Substack might be the better fit. On the other hand, if you want a broader audience and the ability to publish various types of content, Medium could be the more suitable option.

Greedflation

 I recently encountered a "On the media" podcast explaining greedflation. I found this an interesting concept especially because I wondered about what seemed to be high corporate profits in a time when many politicians were complaining about inflation. 

The following is an account written by the Google AI duet service on this topic.

*********************

Greedflation: The New Inflation

Inflation is a term that is often used to describe the rising prices of goods and services. However, there is a new type of inflation that is on the rise, and it is called greedflation. Greedflation is when businesses raise prices not because of increased costs, but because they can get away with it.

There are a number of reasons why greedflation is on the rise. One reason is that businesses have become more profitable in recent years. This is due to a number of factors, including low interest rates, tax cuts, and increased productivity. As a result, businesses have more money to spend, and they are using this money to raise prices.

Another reason for greedflation is that there is less competition in the marketplace. This is due to a number of factors, including mergers and acquisitions, consolidation, and the rise of monopolies. As a result, businesses have more power to raise prices without fear of losing customers.

Greedflation is a serious problem because it hurts consumers. When prices rise, people have less money to spend on other things. This can lead to a decrease in demand, which can hurt businesses and lead to job losses.

There are a number of things that can be done to address greedflation. One thing that can be done is to increase competition in the marketplace. This can be done by breaking up monopolies and encouraging new businesses to enter the market.

Another thing that can be done is to regulate prices. This can be done by setting price ceilings or by requiring businesses to justify price increases.

Finally, consumers can also fight back against greedflation by shopping around and buying from businesses that have lower prices.

Greedflation is a serious problem, but it is one that can be solved. By taking action, we can ensure that businesses do not take advantage of consumers and that prices remain fair.

In addition to the above, here are some other ways to fight greedflation:

• Talk to your elected officials. Let them know that you are concerned about greedflation and that you want them to take action.
• Support businesses that are committed to fair pricing. When you shop, look for businesses that have a good reputation for fair pricing.
• Spread the word about greedflation. Talk to your friends and family about the problem and encourage them to take action as well.

Together, we can make a difference and fight back against greedflation.

Pacemaker

 My wife has a heart issue that involves a very slow beat rate. When this happens she does not get enough oxygen and becomes dizzy feeling like she might pass out. Tomorrow she will have a pacemaker "installed". That image follows is an example they showed us. It is about the size of a coin purse, but this model is a bit larger because it contains a defibrillator and she does not need this capability.

As part of the information sessions, we were told that the battery life in modern pacemakers can last from 4-9 years. Afterward, I wondered why the drastic difference in duration and asked ChatGPT how the battery was running low. The AI answer follows. The cardiologist provided a somewhat more detailed answer explaining that modern pacemakers sense what the heart is doing a fire only when the existing pace is not acceptable. An external device you would likely keep beside your bed monitors functions of the pacemaker. My wife's condition comes and goes so I would expect it will last toward the longer time interval before it needs to be replaced. ChatGPT's knowledge base is a couple of years old so new advances may have taken place. 

-----------------------------

ChatGPT response

When a pacemaker battery runs down, the pacemaker can no longer deliver electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. It's crucial for individuals with pacemakers to have regular check-ups with their healthcare provider to monitor the battery life and ensure timely replacement when needed. When the battery is low, a pacemaker replacement procedure is typically performed, during which the old pacemaker is removed, and a new one with a fresh battery is implanted. This procedure is generally safe and minimally invasive.

Retrieval Practice

 

Retrieval practice refers to the benefit of practice retrieving. It is a robust strategy that has multiple benefits. It seems that the cognitive struggle to locate specific information improves not only the odds of future retrieval, but even understanding because searching through memory activates associated information to that to be retrieved. This search activity explains the benefits even when the effort to retrieve is not successful. 

Karpicke, J. D., & Blunt, J. R. (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science, 331(6018), 772-775.

The following AI summary was generated by the AI capabilities of the notetaking tool - MEM. 

********************

The document you're referring to, "Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping" by Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Janell R. Blunt, presents a study on the effectiveness of different learning methods.

The main findings of the study are:

1.  Retrieval practice, which involves students practicing the act of retrieving and reconstructing knowledge, produces greater gains in meaningful learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping.

2.  This advantage of retrieval practice is observed across texts identical to those commonly found in science education.

3.  The advantage is also seen with test questions that assessed comprehension and required students to make inferences.

4.  The advantage of retrieval practice occurred even when the criterial test involved creating concept maps.

The conclusions drawn from these findings are:

1.  Retrieval practice enhances learning by retrieval-specific mechanisms rather than by elaborative study processes.

2.  The act of retrieval changes memory, and the act of reconstructing knowledge must be considered essential to the process of learning.

3.  Retrieval practice is an effective tool to promote conceptual learning about science.

These findings challenge the common assumption that learning primarily happens when people encode knowledge and experiences, and that retrieval only measures the products of a previous learning experience but does not itself produce learning.

https://mem.ai/m/eB4U9ZElKBhCugiJ9Csi